ANKLE AND FOOT

The ankle joint allows up-and-down movement of the foot. The subtalar joint sits below the ankle joint, and allows side-to-side motion of the foot. The foot consists of thirty three bones, twenty six joints. The foot needs to be strong and stable to support us yet flexible to allow all sorts of complex movements with activities such as walking, running, jumping and kicking.
7 tarsal bone
5 metatarsal bone
14 phalange
3 bone fibula, tibia and talus

tibia

The tibia is a large bone located in the lower front portion of the leg. The tibia is also known as the shinbone, and is the second largest bone in the body. the tibia carries a significant portion of the body weight. The distal head of tibia articulates with with the talus forming the upper joint tibiotarsal joint. It is a synovial hinge joint.

Fibula

The fibula is the long, thin and lateral bone of the lower leg. It runs parallel to the tibia, or shin bone, and plays a significant role in stabilizing the ankle and supporting the muscles of the lower leg. Compared to the tibia, the fibula is about the same length, but is considerably thinner. the fibula merely functions as a support for the tibia. The head of the fibula forms the proximal (superior) tibiofibular joint with the lateral edge of the tibia

tarsals

A set of seven irregularly shaped bones. They are situated proximally in the foot, in the ankle area. The tarsal bones of the foot are organised into three rows; proximal, intermediate and distal. The proximal tarsal bones are the talus and the calcaneus. They form the bony framework around the proximal ankle and heel area. Superiorly: Ankle joint – between the talus and the bones of the leg (the tibia and fibula). Inferiorly: Subtalar joint – between the talus and calcaneus. Anteriorly: Talonavicular joint – between the talus and the navicular. The calcaneus lies underneath the talus, and has two articulations: Superiorly: Subtalar joint – between the calcaneus and the talus. Anteriorly: Calcaneocuboid joint – between the calcaneus and the cuboid. The cuboid is the most lateral bone in the distal row, articulating with the calcaneus posteriorly, and two metatarsals anteriorly. As the name suggests, it is shaped like a cube.

lower ankle joint

there are 2 important joints. The articular at the anterior portion of the lower ankle joint is called the talocalcaneonavicular joint and the posterior of the lower ankle joint is called the subtalar joint and this is where the talux and calcaneous articulate.

metatarsals

similar to the hand the foor has 5 bones that align with phalanges and metatarsals. They are called the first metatarsal, second metatarsal, third metatarsal, fourth metatarsal, and the fifth metatarsal. The first metatarsal is the strongest of the group.Metatarsals are convex in shape (arch upward), are long bones, and give the foot its arch. They work with connective tissues, ligaments and tendons, to provide movement in the foot.

Phalanges

there are 14 total phalanges in the foot 3 in each toe minus and big toe which has 2. The big toe is also called hallux. The medical name for thumb is pollex.

A malleolus is the bony prominence on each side of the human ankle. Each leg is supported by two bones, the tibia on the inner side (medial) of the leg. the medial malleolus is located just proximal and posterior to the navicular tuberosity. It is a bump you can feel on the inside of your ankle.
medical malleolous

The medial malleolus is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. The lateral malleolus is the prominence on the outer side of ankle
lateral malleolous

There are number of ligaments present in the ankle and foot due to large number of bones and joints. Ligaments are strong connective tissue composed of fibrous tissues. They connect bones to other bones, and are extremely important in stabilizing joints.

intertarsal ligament

attaches tarsals to one another

tarsometatarsal ligament

attaches tarsals to metatarsals

metatarsophalangeal ligament

attaches metatarsals to the phalanges (collateral ligament)

interphalangeal ligament

attaches the phalanges to one another (collateral ligament)

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tibiocalcaneal ligament

The tibiocalcaneal ligament is the strongest component of the superficial layer of the deltoid ligament, and it is responsible for resisting eversion of the calcaneus

posterior tibiotalar ligament

The posterior tibiotalar ligament is classified as a superficial fiber. It attaches to the inside of the talus and the medial malleolus. These ligaments are extremely durable such that they can support the weight of the body and the typical range of motion of the ankle joint

anterior tibiotalar ligaments

the portion of the medial or deltoid ligament that extends from the medial malleolus to the neck of the talus.

tibionavicular ligament

The tibionavicular ligament is located in the leg and is a part of the deltoid ligament, which is the primary central ligament of the ankle joint. It connects the malleolus, or bony protrusion on the inside of each ankle, to tarsal bones of the foot (bones in the back half of the foot).

anterior tibiotalar ligament

The anterior inferior ligament and the anterior ligament of the lateral malleolus are also known as the anterior tibiotalar ligament. It is located in the ankle. This ligament is made up of a triangular band of fibers that broadens as it descends.

tibiocalcaneal ligament

The tibiocalcaneal ligament is a thick, dark band that emerges from the middle of the malleolus and inserts into the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus, or heel bone.

posterior tibiotalar ligament

The posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) is one of three ligaments that compose the lateral collateral ligament complex of the ankle. When the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments are intact, it only has a secondary role in ankle joint stability and is also the least commonly injured of the three ligaments.

joints of ankle

there are number of joints that are present in the ankle. each joint does a different yet vital role in the mobility and stability of the ankle

inferior tibiofibular joint

inferior tibiofibular joint

Tibiofibular joints are articulations between tibia and fibula. Superior tibiofibular joint is articulation between head of fibula and upper tibia. The bones of the leg, tibia and fibula, are articulated with each other at two places. One of them is the superior and the other is inferior tibiofibular joint. The inferior tibiofibular joint is fibrous joint. It is the only joint in appendicular skeleton which is not synovial. Unlike the superior tibiofibular joint, it does not contain any capsule.

talocrural joint

talocrural joint

The distal joint is formed with the juncture of the medial malleolus and the tibia joining the talus. The lateral joint is formed at the juncture of the lateral malleolus and the fibula with the talus. With 4 ligament supports, the entire joint process in encapsulated within one joint capsule. The ankle joint (or talocrural joint) is a synovial joint located in the lower limb. It is formed by the bones of the leg and the foot – the tibia, fibula and talus. Functionally, it is a hinge type joint, permitting dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot.

subtalar joint (talocalcaneal joint)

subtalar joint (talocalcaneal joint)

it is between the talus and calcaneus. it is a synovial plane joint. it provides inversion and eversion.

talocalcaneonavicular joint

talocalcaneonavicular joint

Talocalcaneonavicular joint is the anterior joint between talus and calcaneum. It also involves the navicular bone. This joint is a compound, multiaxial synovial articulation.it provides inversion and eversion

intertarsal joints

these joints occur between the tarsal bones and have individual names per joint but as reffered to as the intertarsal joint as a group. it is a synovial plane joint. it provides slight and gliding

tarsometatarsal joints

tarsometatarsal joints

There are five tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints in the foot. These are divided into three columns. The medial column is formed by the 1st metatarsal bone and the medial cuneiform. The middle column is formed by the 2nd and 3rd metatarsals aligning with the middle and lateral cuneiforms respectively. The lateral column is formed by the 4th and 5th metatarsals and the cuboid. While these joints do not have the extensive range of motion which is present in other joints, they nevertheless can be a source of pain when degeneration of the cartilage is present.

metatarsophalangeal joint

metatarsophalangeal joint

The metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP joints) are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones (proximal phalanges) of the toes. They are condyloid joints, meaning that an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) comes close to a shallow cavity (of the proximal phalanges).it is a synovial condyiod joint. it provides flexion and extension and a slight amount of adduction and abduction

interphalangeal joint

interphalangeal joint

these joints occurs between the phalanges in the toes. there are 2 types of interphalangeal jonts proximal interphalangeal joints and distal interphalangeal joint. it is a synovial hinge joint. it provides flexion and extension

extensor digitorum longus

The extensor digitorum longus muscle is situated along the outside of the lower leg, just behind the tibialis anterior. It comes from close to the midline of the tibia and the shaft of the fibula. Its tendon divides into four parts as it passes over the front of the ankle. These parts continue over the surface of the foot and attach to the four smaller toes This muscle extends the second through fifth toes, and it dorsiflexes the foot through the ankle joint. Extension of the toes involves raising the toes up. Dorsiflexion of the foot involves flexing or raising the foot by bending the ankle joint up.

extensor hallucis longus

extensor hallucis longus

ORIGIN Middle half of anterior shaft of fibula INSERTION Base of distal phalanx of great toe ACTION Extends big toe and foot. Inverts foot and tightens subtalar joints NERVE Deep peroneal nerve

tibialis anterior

Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia, proximal 1/2 - 2/3 or lateral surface of tibial shaft, interosseous membrane, and the deep surface of the fascia cruris Insertion: Medial and plantar surfaces of 1st cuneiform and on base of first metatarsal Action: Dorsiflexor of ankle and invertor of foot

flexor hallucis longus

flexor hallucis longus

The flexor hallucis longus muscle is one of the three major deep muscles found in the lower back region of the leg. Specifically, the muscle spans part of the calf. It is the largest and strongest deep muscle of the leg's posterior section.

flexor digitorum longus

flexor digitorum longus

ORIGIN Posterior shaft of tibia below soleal line and by broad aponeurosis from fibula INSERTION Base of distal phalanges of lateral four toes ACTION Flexes distal phalanges of lateral four toes and foot at ankle. Supports lateral longitudinal arch NERVE Tibial nerve (S1, 2)

tibialis posterior

tibialis posterior

The tibialis posterior muscle is a relatively small, centrally located muscle present on the back side of the leg. This muscle is located between the two bones fibula and tibia in the lower leg and descends down to connect with the various other bones through the ankle. Insertion: (distal attachments): Navicular tuberosity, cuneiforms, cuboid, 2-4 metatarsals, and sustentaculum tali of calcaneus.

soleus

The soleus is the plantar flexor muscle of the ankle. It is capable of exerting powerful forces onto the ankle joint. It is located on the back of the lower leg and originates at the posterior (rear) aspect of the fibular head and the medial border of the tibial shaft. Origin: Laterally to the the head and the superior 1/3 of the fibula Medially to the middle 1/3 of the medial border of the tibia and the interosseous membrane Insertion: Into the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon Actions: Plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1, S2 ) Blood Supply: Branches from the popliteal and posterior tibial arteries

gastrocnemius

Plantarflexion is a movement required in jumping, running and walking. The gastrocnemius is a large muscle in the posterior compartment of the leg, and is the powerful muscle that enables plantarflexion, as well as knee flexion. In this article we will discuss the anatomy of the gastrocnemius muscle, together with the clinical relevance of this muscle.

peroneus brevis

peroneus brevis

Also known as the peroneus brevis, the fibularis brevis is a short, peroneal muscle that lies just underneath the peroneus longus muscle. The peroneal muscles extend along the outer portion of the lower leg and foot. The peroneus brevis attaches to the lower two-thirds of the fibula bone and the fifth metatarsal bone of the foot. The superficial peroneal nerves (L5 and S1) are the power source behind this muscle.The peroneus brevis plays an important role in the motor functions of the foot. The muscle assists in the flexion that moves the ball of the foot away from the body.

peroneus longus

peroneus longus

The peroneus longus muscle, whose name means “long muscle of the fibula” is a major muscle of the lower leg that plantar flexes and everts the foot at the ankle. Also known as the fibularis longus, it is the longest muscle that attaches to the fibula and is used specifically when balancing one’s weight on one foot. originates at the head and the upper body of the fibula and the intermuscular septa. It inserts at the plantar side of the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone.

achilles tendon

achilles tendon

The calcaneal tendon, also known as the tendon of Achilles, is a posterior leg tendon — a fibrous connective tissue that joins muscles in the back of the leg. It is formed when the soleus muscle tendon joins with the gastrocnemius tendon.The contracting calf muscles lift the heel by this tendon, thus producing a foot action that is basic to walking, running, and jumping. The Achilles tendon is the thickest and most powerful tendon in the body. If the tendon is cut, use of the leg for running or jumping is lost

movement of foot

movement of foot

injuries

Ankle injuries can happen to anyone at any age. However, men between 15 and 24 years old have higher rates of ankle sprain, compared to women older than age 30 who have higher rates than men. Half of all ankle sprains occur during an athletic activity

achilles tendonitis

achilles tendonitis

Achilles tendinitis is an overuse injury of the Achilles (uh-KILL-eez) tendon, the band of tissue that connects calf muscles at the back of the lower leg to your heel bone. Achilles tendinitis most commonly occurs in runners who have suddenly increased the intensity or duration of their runs. It's also common in middle-aged people who play sports, such as tennis or basketball, only on the weekends. The pain associated with Achilles tendinitis typically begins as a mild ache in the back of the leg or above the heel after running or other sports activity. Episodes of more-severe pain may occur after prolonged running, stair climbing or sprinting.

heel (retrocalcaneal bursitis)

heel (retrocalcaneal bursitis)

Swelling. The retrocalcaneal bursa is located behind the Achilles tendon, just above where the tendon attaches to the heel bone. When the bursa is inflamed it will cause visible soft tissue swelling near the top of the heel bone.Swelling. The retrocalcaneal bursa is located behind the Achilles tendon, just above where the tendon attaches to the heel bone. When the bursa is inflamed it will cause visible soft tissue swelling near the top of the heel bone.

plantar fasciitis

plantar fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis (PLAN-tur fas-e-I-tis) is one of the most common causes of heel pain. It involves inflammation of a thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of your foot and connects your heel bone to your toes (plantar fascia). Plantar fasciitis commonly causes stabbing pain that usually occurs with your first steps in the morning. As you get up and move more, the pain normally decreases, but it might return after long periods of standing or after rising from sitting. Plantar fasciitis typically causes a stabbing pain in the bottom of your foot near the heel. The pain is usually the worst with the first few steps after awakening, although it can also be triggered by long periods of standing or rising from sitting. The pain is usually worse after exercise, not during it.

$stress fracture$

stress fracture

A stress fracture is a small crack in a bone, or severe bruising within a bone. Most stress fractures are caused by overuse and repetitive activity, and are common in runners and athletes who participate in running sports, such as soccer and basketball. A stress fracture is a small crack in a bone, or severe bruising within a bone. Most stress fractures are caused by overuse and repetitive activity, and are common in runners and athletes who participate in running sports, such as soccer and basketball.

turf toe

Turf toe is a sprain to the ligaments around the big toe joint, which works primarily as a hinge to permit up and down motion. Just behind the big toe joint in the ball of your foot are two pea-shaped bones embedded in the tendon that moves your big toe called sesamoids. These bones work like a pulley for the tendon and provide leverage when you walk or run. They also absorb the weight that presses on the ball of the foot. there will be swelling bending will lead to sprain. pain is present. treatment- buddy tape

heel spurs

abnormal bone growth on top of existing bone. this is caused by tight ligaments around the calcaneus. there will be a physical painful bump under or at the top an athelte's heel stretching to loosen ligaments as well as rest

ankle sprain

Ankle sprains are common sports injuries but also happen during everyday activities. An unnatural twisting motion of the ankle joint can happen when the foot is planted awkwardly, when the ground is uneven, or when an unusual amount of force is applied to the joint.Ligaments are injured when a greater than normal stretching force is applied to them. This happens most commonly when the foot is turned inward or inverted. an ankle sprain itself does not require a trip to the doctor. The problem is how to tell a sprain from a more serious injury such as a fracture (break).

ankle strain

An ankle strain is a twist, pull, or tear of a muscle or tendon in your ankle. An acute strain is a strain that happens suddenly. A chronic strain can happen over several days or weeks. A chronic strain can be caused by moving your ankle the same way over and over. -Rest your ankle so that it can heal. Return to normal activities as directed. -Apply ice on your ankle for 15 to 20 minutes every hour or as directed. Use an ice pack, or put crushed ice in a plastic bag. Cover it with a towel. Ice helps prevent tissue damage and decreases swelling and pain. -Compress your ankle as directed. Ask your healthcare provider how to wrap an elastic bandage around your ankle. An elastic bandage provides support and helps decrease swelling and movement so your ankle can heal. Wear it as long as directed. -Elevate your ankle above the level of your heart as often as you can. This will help decrease swelling and pain. Prop your ankle on pillows or blankets to keep it elevated comfortably.

Closed Basketweave Ankle Taping

Closed Basketweave Ankle Taping

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fom8Im6GiMw

stability

tensor

tensor

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